American Actions During The First Seminole War - 842 Words

Throughout its history, the United States has claimed to be a democracy that fights for freedom for all. Americans have opposed imperialistic states and have fought against empires. However, based on specific definitions of imperialism, U.S. leaders have been guilty of fighting multiple wars to build their empire, even if their explicit reasons for doing so suggest otherwise. Examples of these imperialistic trends include American actions during the First Seminole War, the Mexican-American War, and the annexation of the Philippines. According to historian Tony Smith, imperialism is defined as â€Å"the effective domination by a relatively strong state over a weaker people whom it does not control as it does its home population, or the effort to secure such domination.† Further, â€Å"the dominant power assumes sovereignty over the subject people in the form of annexation, colonialism, or an avowed protectorate.† By this definition, the U.S. is an empire. Evidence of t his imperial nature exists as far back as 1816 and the First Seminole War. During that time, the Spanish owned Florida, but President Monroe believed that â€Å"the peninsula was a natural appendage to the United States, and†¦hankered to possess it.† After Spain was unable to fulfill Andrew Jackson’s demand that a British-built fort occupied by blacks within the Florida territory be removed, the U.S. built Fort Scott. Using the supply route that Fort Scott created, the U.S. surrounded, sieged, and destroyed the SpanishShow MoreRelatedThe First Seminole War1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe First Seminole War was the first of three conflicts in the early 19th century that involved the United States Army and the Seminole population in Florida. At the time, Florida was still under the control of Spain. Most of its population consisted of the Seminole Native Americans and African Americans. The dates of the First Seminole War are debated but most believe that it occurre d between 1816 and 1818. This war took place after the War of 1812 and tensions were still high between the UnitedRead MoreAndrew Jackson Racist Ideology Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesgenocide of the Seminole peoples during the First Seminole War. Jackson’s racist perception of the Seminole Indians was the result of his experiences fighting Indians during the Creek War, which resulted in his larger national mandate to remove the Seminole from their land for European settlers to inhabit. The First Seminole war defined the overarching genocide against the Seminole peoples through Jackson’s leadership of the United States Army, which took lands and relocated the Seminole to the interiorRead MoreUS Presidents: Andrew Jackson Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversial figures in American history. Many praise him for his role in bringing about popular democracy and individual rights; however, Jackson’s role in the Indian Removal Act, his extreme racism, and his s upport for slavery cause many to question his legacy. Jackson’s involvement in the Seminole Wars is particularly disturbing since he not only authorized but actively encouraged the use of force against the women and children of the Seminole tribe. While Jackson was by no means the first leader to targetRead MoreSignificance Of The Second Seminole War1337 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to understand the significance of the Second Seminole War, one must first examine the First Seminole War. Frustrated with Seminole protection of runaway slaves, Andrew Jackson and more than three thousand men entered northern Florida in 1816 and began to decimate Seminole populations. Despite most of these campaigns being unsanctioned by the United States government and protested by the British and the Spanish, Jackson was received as a war hero throughout the nation. The Adam-Onis Treaty ofRead MoreAndrew Jackson : Conqueror Of Florida1489 Words   |  6 Pagesthat has been built through conquest s and wars due to its rich geography and lands which attracted many powerful nations like Britain and Spain. One of these conquests took place in the nineteenth century where an American general took siege of Florida, a Spanish territory by then. Andrew Jackson was the man whose mission was to seize Florida in the year 1818 after agitations from the various attacks that were carried out by the Seminoles to the American people, the latest being the Fort Scott attackRead MoreThe History of the Seminole War in Florida580 Words   |  2 Pagesthere has been many wars that had taken place. Wars happen because societies can come across conflict, different opinions, or simply people on country may be interested in anothers land or resources. A war that can relate to this is the second Seminole War which first began in the 19th century. This war started because of discrimination over the Native American people and the drive to have them relocate for their land. After many attempts and one war before the second seminole war America realizedRead MoreThe Second Seminole War2447 Words   |  10 PagesThe events leading up to the Second Seminole War remain some of the most perverse and contentious proceedings to have occurred in American history. Between 1819, the ending of the First Seminole War, and 1835, the beginning of the Second, the United States government did everything within its power to not only remove the Natives Americans from its borders, but did so through seditious and deceptive legislature. It was during this time that the expansion of the power of the president and a completeRead MoreContinental Marines Essays1245 Words   |  5 Pagesbranch of the Armed Forces. The first Commandant of the Continental Marines was Captain Samuel Nicholas, who was born in Philadelphia in 1744. He was commissioned to be a â€Å"Captain of Marines† by the 2nd Continental Congress on November 5th 1775. Nicholas soon established Tun Tavern as the recruiting headquarters. Tun Tavern’s owner, Robert Mullen, was so successful at recruiting people into the Marines, that he was commissioned as a Captain and is now known as the first Marine Corps Recruiter. TheRead MoreTrail of Tears: Forceful Removal of Indians in the US837 Words   |  3 PagesThe forceful removal and exodus of thousands of Native Americans from their lands east of the Mississippi River during the 1830s is often called the Trail of Tears. This removal of Native Americans from their lands was a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which was signed by then-President Andrew Jackson one year into his presidency and which President Martin Van Buren ensured was carried out. When Andrew Jackson became President of the United States in 1829, he based his decision of signingRead MoreAndrew Jackson : The Champion Of The Common Man892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe War of 1812. With his tremendous popularity as â€Å"war hero,† he subsequently achieved the popular vote and rained down on the nation as the seventh president of the United States, where his fiery nature reflected in his audacious executive decisions and shaped him into one of the most polarizing figures in American history. Although some depict Andrew Jackson as the beloved Champion of the Common Man, his malicious and tyrannical actions as an army general and president reveal the American people

World Food Crisis - 1336 Words

Microeconomics H.W. Assignment World Food Crisis Professor: Student: 2011 Food is the foundation of human live and people cannot survive without it. Food security is a vital issue facing the governments around the world. However, food shortage is becoming increasingly severe in this day and age. There are several reasons which led to the universal food shortage and they are interconnected to each other. Increasing world population, extreme weather and the wide spread use of biofuels are the main causes of worldwide shortage of food. These factors lead to food price rises rapidly. Global food crisis is being compounded by several causes such as growing population,†¦show more content†¦But what happens if the U.S. scenario is worse than a â€Å"nonrecord† harvest? What if there’s a Russia-scale crop failure here at home? â€Å"When we have the first serious crop failure, which will happen,† says farm commodity expert Don Coxe, â€Å"we will then have a full-blown food crisis† – one far worse than 2008. Coxe has studied the sector for more than 35 years as a strategist for BMO Financial Group. He says it didn’t have to come to this. â€Å"We’ve got a situation where there has been no incentive to allocate significant new capital to agriculture or to develop new technologies to dramatically expand crop output.† â€Å"We’ve got complacency,† he sums up. â€Å"So for those reasons, I believe the next food crisis – when it comes – will be a bigger shock than $150 oil.† A recent report from HSBC isn’t quite so alarming†¦unless you read between the lines. â€Å"World agricultural markets,† it says, â€Å"have become so finely balanced between supply and demand that local disruptions can have a major impact on the global prices of the affected commodities and then reverberate throughout the entire food chain.† That was the story in 2008. It’s becoming the story again now. It may go away in a few weeks or a few months. But it won’t go away for good. It’ll keep coming back†¦for decades. There’s nothing you or I can do to change it. So we might as well â€Å"hedge† our rising food costs by investing in the very commodities whose pricesShow MoreRelatedWorld Food Crisis1328 Words   |  6 PagesMicroeconomics H.W. Assignment World Food Crisis Professor: Student: 2011 Food is the foundation of human live and people cannot survive without it. Food security is a vital issue facing the governments around the world. However, food shortage is becoming increasingly severe in this day and age. There are several reasons which led to the universal food shortage and they are interconnected to each other. Increasing world population, extreme weatherRead MoreWorld Food Crisis: Its Consequences and Underlying Problems1035 Words   |  5 Pagesthe World Food Crisis. As US Subprime credit and mortgage problems crunch harder into global national economies, Inflation is on sky rocket high. There is a surge in commodity prices particularly for food staples thus pushing up consumer prices across the globe. (The pain of inflation, 2008 pg.1) This paper will focus on this very point ‘the soaring global food prices’, it’s affects around the world. The paper will also try to point out the underlying causes for the historical food shor tageRead MoreSustainability And Solutions Of Food1691 Words   |  7 PagesSustainability on food Today, the contemporary world is riddled with several developing, uncertainties with the food security. World population is growing faster, by researching world population by 2050 it will reach 9 billion people on this Earth. Food requirement is expected at over 70% of current levels. Sustainability is important for the food because, it is achieving the level against price rising prices of food, included climate change because climate change is also a huge problem for farmersRead MoreThe Article On The Global Food Crisis1058 Words   |  5 PagesIn the article â€Å"How to feed nine billion† that’s written by Evan Fraser Andrew Rimas, who each bring their own view towards as they raise the issue of global food crisis. The global food crisis is an ongoing stigma in today’s world, one that has afflicted the lives of millions across the globe. The article speaks about the global food market, of how fragile it is, by using various real life examples supported by statistics. It does so, however, from almost an purely economic standpoint. It highlightsRead MoreHunger Is Huge Crisis By Developing Countries1603 Words   |  7 Pagesstatistic is all true. Something as simple as food can cause 8,640 kids to die a day and 300 million children go hungry every day, most of them living in developing countries, and stuck in a life of poverty. Hunger is huge crisis, in developing countries, that has a large amount of negative impacts on the people living there and generations to come. Hunger and Causes Hunger can be defined in two ways, unease or pain from want of food, or the want or scarcity of food in a country. Hunger in developing countriesRead MoreThe Health Of The Human Race1269 Words   |  6 Pagesfor consumption of food and water. This dependency is crucial in order to maintain and sustain the future existence of humans on Earth. Unfortunately, as the world faces agricultural problems such as: price increases, overpopulation, and climate change, attaining food has proven to become more difficult. Food crises are issues that have plagued humans across the globe currently and historically. What makes this particular topic important is not only the innate human need for food, but the fact thatRead MoreA Brief Note On The Global Food Crisis866 Words   |  4 PagesEvery 3.6 seconds, the time it takes you to take a bite of food, a person dies of hunger or malnourishment. Global food crisis is a problem that has been around since the beginning of time, but it is everything bu t yesterday’s issue. It is very real today and the numbers of starving people are still growing. Solutions will not be easy to sort out, since the dramatic food price escalation has numerous causes. The world’s population is expected to increase from 7 billion today to 9 or 10 billion byRead MoreHunger, Poverty, And Poverty1290 Words   |  6 Pages Hunger play a crucial role in everyone’s lives. Many people in third world countries do not always have the luxury to go to bed on a full stomach. Certain people face these obstacles that they could overcome on their own. However, certain adversities are much greater than one individual. Striving to end hunger inspires unity for those struggling and those who want to find a solution for the problem. Working together to improve life on land is one of the most important aspects in life. The globalRead MoreExpansion Of Ethanol Production On The United States1318 Words   |  6 PagesRenewable Fuel Standard was signed in to law, US Corn production has shifted from feeding faces to fuel tanks, stirring a controversy over corns purpose. In 2007, the food or fuel controversy landed on the floor of the United Nations when Jean Ziegler, former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, stated that diverting cropland from food to fuel is a crime against humanity (Ferrett). The Renewa ble Fuel Standard, signed in to law in 2005, is a mandate that requires renewable fuels, such as corn basedRead MoreEssay on The Recent Global Food Crisis and Obesity Epidemic 1789 Words   |  8 Pagesthe world are starkly staring at a food crisis that has picked momentum especially since 2008. This recent global food crisis has placed staple grains, the main sustenance for populations around the world, out of reach of the hundreds of millions of people in need of them. This has seen its effects being felt in both developed and developing countries (Magdoff, 2006: 1-7). This study will focus its attention on the explanation about this recent food crisis, how it reflects previous agri-food system

Hypothetical Background of Market Based Instruments Free Samples

Question: What is the Hypothetical Background of Market Based Instruments? Answer: Introducation: MBIs make motivations to accomplish enhanced ecological results through market flags as opposed to through express mandates, for example, direction. MBIs convey value flags and impact individuals' conduct utilizing exchanging systems, for example, barters and posted value markets, set up open doors for merchants to profit through arbitrage, and give impetuses to advancement and benefit, similarly that normal markets do. Markets are driven by the additions to members from intentional trade the 'picks up from exchange'. (Nyongesa, 2016) Hypothetical Background of Market Based Instruments MBIs come in three structures: cost based; amount based; and showcase contact instruments. The choice between market rubbing and cost or amount construct instruments is situated in light of whether there is a current market for the applicable biological system administration or asset. Without existing markets, the choice confronting most territorial bodies is amongst cost and amount based MBIs. Amount based instruments are favored when there is a set amount target, low expenses of extra biological system benefit arrangement, harm edges are available, natural results are seen as an obligation rather to be compensated, or there are long time slacks in delivering the coveted result. Cost based instruments are favored where there are settled spending plan accessible, extra activities are expensive, installment is viewed as satisfactory, and results can be accomplished inside the installment time frame. In spite of these standards instrument decision remains a commonsense exchange off tha t will include thought of the relative exchange costs among different components. (Huber-Stearns, 2015) Showcase disappointments keep the additions from exchange being figured it out. MBIs in this way should be intended to keep away from or limit advertise disappointments. To limit the potential effect of market disappointments, an efficient examination of the market disappointments presentation and related market configuration issues is required. The answers for market disappointment that are planned into MBIs will vary from those in other arrangement approaches.(Brauman, 2015) This is a key territory where expert information is leeway. The most widely recognized types of market disappointment present are: Incomplete property rights; Contemplations: o Create and characterize property rights. o Develop metric to depict applicable qualities so that adjustments in yields of biological community administrations can be connected to property rights. o If free-riders can't be barred, enable open organization to buy biological community benefit. o Create right that can be exchanged independently from different rights. Information disappointment or asymmetry; Contemplations: o Develop metric to connection arrive administration activities with biological community benefit generation. o Metric connected by purchaser/open office to figure open advantages of administration activities via landholders. o Non-advertise valuation to catch open non-utilize values. o Apply metric and expansion projects to educate landholders how to deliver biological community benefit, and of o the related private advantages. o Incorporate 'hazard premium' into metric. Additionally, research to decrease vulnerability. o Create commercial center. Market structure issues; (Meijaard, 2014) Contemplations: o Expand extent of market to acquire more brokers. Work to augment cooperation rates. o Expand advertise degree to get more contenders. Manage to anticipate cartel arrangement. Difficulty assessing results; Contemplations: o Monitoring o Performance Based Payments o Regulate to avert cartel arrangement. Constraints to market interest. Contemplations: o Upfront installments. o Public office to give data and guidance. o Minimize multifaceted nature of property rights and offering/exchanging process. o Provide preparing on market component. Property right issues will be a critical issue in the plan of any MBI. The most basic component of property rights is meaning of a metric. The part of the metric in a MBI is regularly befuddled due to the numerous parts that estimations of ecological resources, biological system administrations, and administration activities play in the NRM circle. The MBI metric is the reason for measuring relative and total results, and subsequently who advantages and who pays. It must evaluate the change to environment administrations proportionate with the scale at which on-ground administration happens. Diverse measures convert into various land administration motivating forces. Subsequently, guarantee that the metric precisely speaks to the coveted result. (Stephens, 2014) The metric speaks to a mind boggling heap of exchange offs and is not just an issue of evaluating a measure of biophysical change (which in itself is to a great degree complex) yet regularly should likewise consider different drivers of qualities. Nine rule that ought to be considered in outlining an appropriate metric were produced throughout this exploration. (Tacconi, 2015) They are:Quantity and nature of biological system benefit results; Whether spatial connections are essential in conveying results; Whether negligible change is vital; Location of progress and effect on qualities; Time to accomplish results; Risk/sureness in effectively executing distinctive administration changes; Risk/conviction in accomplishing craved biological community result from various changes; Whether the change is irreversible or edges might be available; and Whether any overflows to other biological system administrations are probably going to happen from administration changes. Waterandsewerageservicesprices the Economic Regulator's Price Determination sets out the administrations, income prerequisites and evaluating structure for TasWater over the administrative period. Assessment of Instrument(s) and materialness toward the South Esk Basin Biological community benefits and additionally watershed administrations can be partitioned into four interrelated utilitarian classes: (Zhang, 2015) Provisioning administrations, whose advantages are specifically gotten from waste bowl items, for example, sustenance and freshwater; Regulating administrations, whose advantages originated from control of hydrological and natural procedures, water purging, squander transfer and assurance arranges from hydrologic and atmosphere dangers; Cultural administrations, whose non material advantages influence the clients by giving an extra social, aesthetical, recreational and additionally otherworldly esteem; Supporting administrations, whose advantages defeat the meaning of time and space scales and constitute an important stride for the creation and support of all the previously mentioned administrations. This class can incorporate, for instance, essential generation, water cycling and provisioning of territory for creature and plant species. The accomplishment of a positive bargain between open recognition and logical ability assumes a vital part in the development of a fruitful plan that can be constituted, as per particular necessities and requirements, by the blend of the underneath recorded activities: (Wang, 2016) Using financial matters and sociologies to assess water related uses and administrations that potential purchasers are occupied with profiting from (e.g. arrangement of spotless and bottomless drinking water, lessened sedimentation for hydropower era, water system and disintegration control for enhanced farming yields, recreational utilization of water bodies and so on.); Guaranteeing the maintain of particular hydrological service(s) whereupon distinctive water clients depend on; Using hydrological models to assess benchmark water utilization and venture proficient hydrological benefit conveyance; Estimate conceivable situations with and without PWS execution considering financial contrasts of focused clients, biodiversity and biological system soundness. Setting a cost for the arrangement of the fundamental administrations utilizing valuation strategies. A premise can be built up by considering expenses of land and work; water duties or expressed readiness to contribute for the change of water administrations. An extra test is guaranteeing that the estimation of the administration surpasses opportunity costs. Also, the working of neighborhood institutional limit ordinarily makes improved investment of partners in the usage and administration of the plan - open specialists seeking after PWS configuration ought to consider the accompanying, while private implementers need to evaluate the condition of these variables in their nearby setting: (Butler, 2013) Rights to assets and tenure security. Achievement likelihood is enhanced if groups/specialist co-opts have an all the round characterized appropriate to oversee nearby land Funding. PWS plans can be financed by outside givers or open experts notwithstanding the administration recipients (purchasers) - for instance by holding a specific rate of water charge incomes as well as other nearby duties. Institutions. Including focused on water clients, specialist co-ops and purchasers in the outline procedure can be supported by government-overlooked associations. Native based organization or stream bowl affiliations can add to more noteworthy strengthening in watershed administration. Institutional/bureaucratic impediments to PWS plans: It is fundamental to comprehend the current bureaucratic culture, and to maintain a strategic distance from any superfluous test and hazard that could make PWS monetarily wasteful. (Waage, 2016) Ensure checking, consistence and straightforwardness. Dangers of rejection and debasement ought to be supported through guaranteeing that the institutional game plan for the arrangement of installments is observed and straightforward. Governments perceive the anxiety that people can put on the limited common assets of watersheds and have dynamically actualized strategies expected to guarantee more noteworthy maintainability of water-ward administrations. Early approaches concentrated on particular effects, the abuse of specific assets, assurance or natural surroundings reclamation. In any case, these early endeavors frequently neglected to address interminable issues that add to longer-term decreases in the structure and capacity of watersheds, for example, contaminations related with non-point keep running off from urbanized and agrarian ranges. In addition, the attention on individual assets or living spaces more often than not neglects to perceive watersheds as entire, intra-associated frameworks. (Swallow, 2016) Choices about biological community administration are muddled by the way that different sorts of market disappointment are related with regular assets and nature. Showcase disappointments happen when markets don't mirror the full social expenses or advantages of a decent. For instance, the cost of fuel does not completely mirror the expenses, regarding contamination, that are forced on society by consuming gas. Advertise disappointments identified with biological communities incorporate the certainties that: (i) numerous environments give benefits that are open products; (ii) numerous environment administrations are influenced by externalities; and (iii) property rights identified with environments and their administrations are regularly not obviously characterized. Biological community administrations are regularly open merchandise, which implies that they might be delighted in by any number of individuals without influencing other people groups' satisfaction. For instance, a stylish view is an unadulterated open great. Regardless of what number of individuals appreciate the view, others can likewise appreciate it. Different administrations might be semi open merchandise, where at a specific level of utilization, others' happiness might be lessened. For instance, an open entertainment region might be interested in everybody. Be that as it may, swarming can abatement people groups' pleasure in the range. The issue with open merchandise is that, despite the fact that individuals esteem them, nobody individual has a motivator to pay to keep up the great. In this way, aggregate activity is required with a specific end goal to deliver the most useful amount. (Page, 2015) Tradable grants address the lodge issue by proportioning access to the asset and privatizing the subsequent get to rights. The initial step includes setting a point of confinement on client access to the asset. For fisheries this would include the aggregate reasonable catch. For water supply it would include the measure of water that could be separated. For contamination control it regularly indicates the total measure of emanations permitted in the applicable control district. This farthest point characterizes the total measure of access to the asset that is approved. These get to rights are then designated on some premise (to be portrayed) to potential individual clients. Contingent upon the particular framework, these rights might be transferable to different clients and additionally bankable for some time later. Clients who surpass limits forced by the rights they hold confront punishments up to and including the loss of the privilege to partake. These methodologies have been disputable. The discussion emerges from a few sources, yet the most essential concerns the portion of the riches related with these assets. In spite of the fact that these methodologies regularly don't privatize the assets, as tried and true way of thinking may recommend, they do privatize in any event to some degree access to and utilization of those assets. Since the get to rights can be exceptionally important when the asset is overseen effectively, the proprietors of these rights may obtain a considerable measure of riches. In spite of the fact that the capacity to recover the beforehand disseminated riches for persuading manageable conduct is an essential quality of the framework, the moral issues raised by its conveyance among contending inquirers are a huge and proceeding with wellspring of discussion.(Waage, 2016) Evaluation of property right portions and exchange costs identified with the Market Based Instrument may affect upon the effectiveness of the instruments and social value for the number of inhabitants in the district Results of Assessment are as per the following: (Baral, 2014) o Increase in backwoods estimate, ensured range degree and reduction in deforestation o Reduction in horticultural power o Alteration in horticultural practices o PES particularly recognized to be a viable and proficient component to initiate changes in land-utilize o PES exercises attempted in ranges of poor natural condition o Improvements in biodiversity o Observed increment in family unit pay o Diversification of family unit monetary exercises o Improved circulation of material riches o Improved nourishment security o Reduction in destitution o Improved expectations for everyday comforts o Resilience to natural change o Better access to social and natural administrations Conclusion In planning plans and relieving exchange offs, we advocate a capacity situated and result drove approach. That is, distinguishing and organizing an arrangement of plan results and figuring out the basic and institutional courses of action of a program to accomplish those points. The exact organization of protection and improvement goals needs to represent privately created concerns, and not come about because of a one-estimate fits-all approach. There is potential for significant PES extension universally, yet these open doors ought to be seen close by other common asset administration and neediness mitigation arrangement instruments.(Calvet-Mir, 2015) The Department, alongside Tas Water, is proceeding with a survey of all ebb and flow urban water allotments and licenses which were at first exchanged to the territorial companies and now Tas Water. The audit has focused on guaranteeing that the extraction purposes of water assignments embraced on licenses are effectively assigned as far as the extraction area and the particular asset from which the water is taken, and that the quantum of the designation mirrors the authentic privilege. With regards to expected and developing future urban water request and supply situations, assignments might be fluctuated to boost the quality and unwavering quality of apportioned water and to better reflect genuine, and expected future, request. (Wang, 2016) DPIPWE's part as dam security controller is to guarantee that: these hazard moderation arrangements are created; that they are to an adequate standard as laid out by ANCOLD; and that they are actualized to a concurred plan as delineated in their particular PRAs References List Baral, H., Keenan, R.J., Stork, N.E. and Kasel, S., 2014. Measuring and managing ecosystem goods and services in changing landscapes: a south-east Australian perspective.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,57(7), pp.961-983. Brauman, K.A., 2015. Hydrologic ecosystem services: linking ecohydrologic processes to human well?being in water research and watershed management.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water,2(4), pp.345-358. Butler, J.R., Wong, G.Y., Metcalfe, D.J., Honzk, M., Pert, P.L., Rao, N., van Grieken, M.E., Lawson, T., Bruce, C., Kroon, F.J. and Brodie, J.E., 2013. An analysis of trade-offs between multiple ecosystem services and stakeholders linked to land use and water quality management in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment,180, pp.176-191. Calvet-Mir, L., Corbera, E., Martin, A., Fisher, J. and Gross-Camp, N., 2015. Payments for ecosystem services in the tropics: a closer look at effectiveness and equity.Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,14, pp.150-162. Huber-Stearns, H.R., Goldstein, J.H., Cheng, A.S. and Toombs, T.P., 2015. Institutional analysis of payments for watershed services in the western United States.Ecosystem Services,16, pp.83-93. Meijaard, E., Wunder, S., Guariguata, M.R. and Sheil, D., 2014. What scope for certifying forest ecosystem services?.Ecosystem Services,7, pp.160-166. Nyongesa, J.M., Bett, H.K., Lagat, J.K. and Ayuya, O.I., 2016. Estimating farmers stated willingness to accept pay for ecosystem services: case of Lake Naivasha watershed Payment for Ecosystem Services scheme-Kenya.Ecological Processes,5(1), p.15. Page, G. and Bellotti, B., 2015. Farmers value on-farm ecosystem services as important, but what are the impediments to participation in PES schemes?.Science of the Total Environment,515, pp.12-19. Stephens, M.L. and Grist, P., 2014. Market failure for plantations: past experiences and emerging trends for delivering wood production and ecosystem services in Australia.International Forestry Review,16(2), pp.205-215. Swallow, B., Meinzen-Dick, R.S. and Van Noordwijk, M., 2016.Localizing demand and supply of environmental services: interactions with property rights, collective action and the welfare of the poor. Tacconi, L., 2015.Regional Synthesis of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) in the Greater Mekong Region(Vol. 175). CIFOR. Waage, S., Scherr, S., Jenkins, M. and Inbar, M., 2016.A scoping assessment of current work on payments for ecosystem services in Asia, Latin America and East Southern Africa. Forest Trends. Wang, H., Dong, Z., Xu, Y. and Ge, C., 2016. Eco-compensation for watershed services in China.Water International,41(2), pp.271-289. Zhang, Q. and Bennett, M.T., 2015.Eco-Compensation for Watershed Services in the People's Republic of China. Asian Development Bank.

The Tower Of London Essays - Grade I Listed Buildings In London

The Tower of London The Tower of London, the oldest fortified palace in Europe, was built by William the Conqueror in the late 1000's. It has served as a fortress, prison, palace, and the final resting-place of many people ("Tower of London" Encarta 1). Its history is full of amazing and horrific stories of life and death. To truly appreciate this magnificent group of structures a look must be taken into its history through it's architecture, uses, and those held in the prisons and dungeons. The Tower Of London is not actually one tower, it is a group of 13 towers located on 7.5 hectares of land known as Tower Hill ("Tower of London" Encarta 1). To the south of the tower is the Thames Rivers, which used to feed a moat that was drained in 1830. The general shape of the tower is a square with two lines of defensive walls surrounding it. The outer wall is defended by six towers on the river face, and there are two semi-circular bastions at the northeast and northwest corners (Tower of London Virtual Tour 3). The original tower, also known as the White Tower, is flanked by four turrets (Encarta 1). By looking carefully at the architecture of the tower you can see the painstaking workmanship put into every little detail. The group of thirteen towers collectively known as the Tower of London has five areas, which are especially interesting. One such tower was the Lion Tower, called so because it once housed the royal managerie. Often bear baiting performances were held here (Virtual Tour of the Tower of London 4). The Bell Tower is known by this name because of the belfry located at the top of it. The bell in the belfry was used as a warning system of an oncoming attack from enemies to the English (Virtual Tour of the Tower of London 6). Another building is the famous Bloody Tower, which is called this because it is the location of the murder of Prince Edward V and the Richard, the Duke of York (Virtual Tour of the Tower of London 9). The oldest tower is the White Tower, which is the great central keep. It was once used as the seat of the government and the home of the royal family (Virtual Tour of the Tower of London 10). Another infamous area of the Tower of London is the site of the block w! here a scaffold was erected and all of the executions were performed so that the public could watch (Virtual Tour of the Tower of London 14). One of the most famous uses of the Tower of London was as a prison and final resting-place for many members of the English royal family. One such person was Lady Jane Grey. Grey was queen for nine days until her own father lead a revolution that took her out of power and put the rightful heir to the throne in. Later Grey's father placed her in prison and was forced to have her executed to show his loyalty to the queen (Hamlin 1). Another infamous murder was that of Anne Boleyn. Boleyn was married to Henry VIII, but after a while Henry became tired with her and decided to dump her for his mistress Jane Seymore. So Henry had Anne Brought up on the charges of treason, adultery, and incest, and Anne was beheaded (Hibbert 70). Other famous prisoners killed at the Tower of London include, Edward V, Richard Duke of York, Archbishop Crammer, Bishops Ridley and Latimer, and Sir Walter Raleigh (Tower of London Virtual Tour 9). As you can see the Tower of London is a window into the rich history of England through its architecture, uses, and those imprisoned and executed there. The tower's history shows how different the time of Elizabethan age and the years preceding it are so different from today, through the subtle differences in architecture and quality workmanship. Clearly the Tower of London is a perfect example of a window into the life and times of those living in Elizabethan England.

Imigration essays

Imigration essays For many, immigration to the United States during the late 19th to early 20th century would be a new beginning to a prosperous life. However there were many acts and laws past to limit the influx of immigrants, do to prejudice, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act. Later on into the 20th century there would be laws repealing the older immigration laws and acts making it possible for many more foreigners to immigrate to the United States. Even with the new acts and laws that banned the older ones, no one can just walk right in and become a citizen. One must go through several examinations and tests before he or she can earn their citizenship. One man who has experienced immigrating into the United States is Charles B. Wang, an immigrant from China that has made himself a multibillion-dollar fortune in the computer industry. The Chinese Americans who originally faced extreme racism on the west cost are spread across the nation today and most have kept their culture. Many immigration laws and acts were placed against foreigners to control the influx of immigrants arriving on the American shores. The first of these was the Chinese Exclusion Act of May 6, 1882. (3,1098) Although directly affecting only a small group, it was the turning point of the U.S. immigration policies. Prior to this act no significant number of free immigrants had been barred from the country. Once the Chinese Exclusion Act had been placed, further limitations on the immigration of ethnic groups became standard procedure for more than eight decades .(3,1098) Since the arrival of the first Chinese Immigrants, racist hostility towards the Chinese always existed. (3,342) They were predominantly male laborers, concentrated in California. (3,342) They were vital to the development of western mining, transportation, and agriculture.(3,342) By 1876 enough political pressure existed to cause a congressional investigation. (3,342) An 1880 treaty gave the United State...

Chinese Gift-Giving Etiquette

Chinese Gift-Giving Etiquette Not only is the choice of gift important in Chinese culture, but how much you spend on it, how you wrap it, and how you present it are equally important. When Should I Give a Gift? In Chinese societies, gifts are given for holidays, such as birthdays, during official business meetings, and at special events like dinner at a friend’s home. While red envelopes are the more popular choice for Chinese New Year and weddings, gifts are also acceptable. How Much Should I Spend on a Gift? The value of the gift depends on the occasion and your relationship to the recipient. In business settings where more than one person will receive a gift, the most senior person should receive the most expensive gift. Never give the same gift to people of different ranks in the company. While there are times when an expensive gift is necessary, over the top and lavish gifts may not be well received for several reasons. First, the person may be embarrassed because he or she can not reciprocate with a gift of similar value or, during business deals, especially with politicians, it may appear to be a bribe. When giving a red envelope, the amount of money inside will depend on the situation. There is great debate over how much to give: The amount of money in red envelopes given to children for Chinese New Year depends on age and the giver’s relationship to the child. For younger children, the equivalent of about $7 dollars is fine. More money is given to older children and teenagers. The amount is usually enough for the child to buy himself a gift, such as a T-shirt or DVD. Parents may give the child a more substantial amount since material gifts are usually not given during the holidays. For employees at work, the year-end bonus is typically the equivalent of one month’s wage though the amount can vary from enough money to buy a small gift to more than one month’s wage. If you go to a wedding, the money in the red envelope should be equivalent to a nice gift that would be given at a Western wedding. It should be enough money to cover the guest’s expense at the wedding. For example, if the wedding dinner costs the newlyweds US$35 per person, then the money in the envelope should be at least US$35. In Taiwan, typical amounts on money are: NT$1,200, NT$1,600, NT$2,200, NT$2,600, NT$3,200 and NT$3,600. As with Chinese New Year, the amount of money is relative to your relationship to the recipient the closer your relationship to the bride and groom, the more money that is expected. Immediate family like parents and siblings give more money than casual friends. It is not uncommon for business partners to be invited to weddings. Business partners often put more money in the envelope to strengthen the business relationship. Less money is given for birthdays than is given for Chinese New Year and weddings because it is viewed as the least important of the three occasions. Nowadays, people often just bring gifts for birthdays. For all occasions, certain amounts of money are to be avoided. Anything with a four is best avoided because å›› (sà ¬, four) sounds similar to æ ­ » (sÇ , death). Even numbers, except four, are better than odd. Eight is a particularly auspicious number. The money inside a red envelope should always be new and crisp. Folding the money or giving dirty or wrinkled bills is in bad taste. Coins and checks are avoided, the former because change is not worth much and the latter because checks are not widely used in Asia. How Should I Wrap the Gift? Chinese gifts can be wrapped with wrapping paper and bows, just like gifts in the West. However, some colors should be avoided. Red is lucky. Pink and yellow symbolize happiness. Gold is for fortune and wealth. So wrapping paper, ribbon, and bows in these colors are best. Avoid white, which is used in funerals and connotes death. Black and blue also symbolize death and should not be used. If you include a greeting card or gift tag, do not write in red ink as this signifies death. Never write a Chinese person’s name in red ink as this is considered bad luck. If you are giving a red envelope, there are a few points to remember. Unlike a Western greeting card, red envelopes given at Chinese New Year are typically left unsigned. For birthdays or weddings, a short message, typically a four character expression, and signature is optional. Some four-character expressions appropriate for a wedding red envelope are Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ½Å"ä ¹â€¹Ã¥ Ë† (tiÄ nzuà ² zhÄ «hà ©, marriage made in heaven) or ç™ ¾Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Ë† (bÇŽinin hÇŽo hà ©, happy union for one hundred years). The money inside a red envelope should always be new and crisp. Folding the money or giving dirty or wrinkled bills is in bad taste. Coins and checks are avoided, the former because change is not worth much and the latter because checks are not widely used in Asia. How Should I Present the Gift? It is best to exchange gifts in private or to an entire group. At business meetings, it is bad taste to offer only one  person a gift in front of everyone else. If you have only prepared one gift, you should give it to the most senior person. If you are concerned about whether giving a gift is appropriate, it is okay to say the gift is from your company rather than you. Always give gifts to the most senior person first. Don’t be surprised if your gift is immediately reciprocated with a gift of equal value as this is the way Chinese people say thank you. If you are given a gift, you should also repay the gift with something of equal value. When giving the gift, the recipient may not immediately open it because it might embarrass them, or they may appear greedy. If you receive a gift, you should not immediately open it. may appear greedy. If you receive a gift, you should not immediately open it. Most recipients will first politely decline the gift. If he or she profusely refuses the gift more than once, take the hint and don’t push the issue. When giving a gift, hand the gift to the person with both hands. The gift is considered an extension of the person and handing it over with both hands is a sign of respect. When receiving a gift, also accept it with both hands and say thank you. Post-gift giving, it is customary to send an e-mail or better, a thank you card, to show your gratitude for the gift. A phone call is also acceptable.

Responding to terrorism in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Responding to terrorism in Britain - Essay Example One can see that internal insurgencies can be dealt with ease but the rapid spread of terrorism and it’s after effects on world nations cannot be dealt with ease. To be specific, cross-border terrorism is an imminent threat to the multiracial society of Britain. Problem statement: The report on the responding to terrorism in Britain proves that Britain plays an important role in terrorism mitigation in the international arena, but internal (within the United Kingdom) and external problems (global spread of terrorism) cause imminent threat to Britain in general. Background The origin of terrorism in Britain can be broadly divided into two: internal threats from those who fight for free Northern Ireland (IRA), from the Islamic terrorist groups that operate from UK and the treat from international terrorist groups operate from the Middle East Asia. Wayne C. Thompson stated that, â€Å"A Times poll showed that 86% of British respondents supported giving the police new powers to a rrest people suspected of planning terrorist attacks† (74). ... The Glasgow International Airport attack (2007) and Exeter bombing (2008) proved that the global spread of terrorism and Islamic extremism pose threat to Britain. Julian Richards made clear that, â€Å"We have mentioned that, in the UK, counter-terrorism work as we understand it today effectively began in 1883 with the formation of the Special Irish Branch by the Metropolitan Police in London, later renamed simply the Special Branch as it took on a wider range of work against extremist and terrorist activity† (50). So, one can see that rapid increase in the number of terrorist attacks forced the British authorities to adopt innovative measures to deal with terrorism in Britain. Responding to terrorism in Britain Earlier, the British response to terrorism was limited to the context of the attacks initiated by the Irish Republican Army. But in the 21st century, global spread of terrorism created much trouble in the multiracial society of Britain. Paul Thomas made clear that, â⠂¬Å"For Britain, the shock was different, as the 7/7 attacks were carried out by four young Yorkshiremen, all raised and educated, and some born, in Britain-‘ordinary’ young Britons with regional Yorkshire accents who had willingly killed themselves in order to also kill fellow Britons in the name of their understanding of Islam† (N.Pag.). To be specific, the Islamic extremists were able to influence some of the immigrants in Britain. This eventually led to extremist plots like London bombings in 2005. On the other side, the British response to terrorism is interconnected with anti-terrorist legislation under UK law. The Acts and laws aim to track down and limit the funding facilities of the terrorist groups, and detention of

Individual assinment of leveraging information technology for business Essay

Individual assinment of leveraging information technology for business advantage - Essay Example Less time is wasted with e-tickets for both consumers and producers. E-tickets save many ticket-issuing steps and thus the process speed is faster for every passenger. Airlines not only save paper ticket costs but also operating costs. Travel agents also save time by skipping the process of printing paper tickets for the consumers. Consumers, on the other hand, spend less time waiting in line for check-ins. One only needs to provide a photo ID at the airport to get the boarding pass directly, without any busy paper work. Alternatively, and more efficiently, one can simply do advance check in online at home and print the boarding pass on the day of travel. For business people on tight schedules, this would be extremely convenient. They would no longer have to worry about having not enough time to wait in long lines to do check-in. Also, with unusual yet unpreventable circumstances such as airline strikes, airlines and travellers are better off with interlining e-tickets: no more delay ed flights or significant loss of profit during strikes (e-ticketing n.d para 2). It also does away with the fear of one’s ticket being lost or stolen. Like paper ticketing, e-ticketing is a way of documenting a sale, both for the passenger and for the airline. But rather than paper, the e-ticket uses a database to track the sale and use of tickets – and the database is stored and updated by the validating airline. All subsequent ticket transactions – including refunds, exchanges, check-in, void and settlement – involve this holding database. Those airlines not adapting to e-ticketing by the end of 2007 risk a number of serious disadvantages. They will not be able to sell through key third-party e-commerce providers (such as Expedia and Travelocity), they will be at a competitive disadvantage as a result of the continued high costs associated with paper tickets and settlement, and they will be more exposed to paper ticket fraud (The Smart Route to

Smoking Health Promotion Essay Example for Free

Smoking Health Promotion Essay During the nights they had to sleep with a machine to help him breath but during the days he would still manage to get outside for a smoke while he was in recovery. Feelings. Obviously this was a bad thing that was happening to this patient as smoking can slow down recovery because it effects how the body works with regards to oxygen intake and oxygen circulation (Thibodeau Patton 2010). As smoker though, I can see how the patient would of benefitted emotionally as smoking can relieve stress and boredom, though these temporary fixes dont outweigh the health problems it was obviously causing the patient. One of the nurses on duty and myself tried talking to the patient about their smoking and the first thing we needed to know is if they ould like help to quit. As this is important because to change, the patient has to want to change (Cocoran N, 2007). The model from Prochaska and diclemente (1984) illustrates this point very well with their trans theoretical model of change. We tried to explain how smoking could effect this patients ability to heal and also problems caused to their breathing during the night. I understood why the nurse was suggesting this and that I should be promoting health also but if the patient needed to smoke for that short term fix, then why shouldnt they be able to. Personally I felt ike a bit of a hypocrite because I smoke myself and to promote it to someone else that they should not smoke did not seem right, but as a nurse, professionally I know we have to do this, and I have to remember that it is the patient in the bed who needs to recover from surgery, not me. What sense I made of this. I brought this up with the nurse later on and asked if it wasnt better for the patient to have some emotional relief from smoking while they were in hospital, rather than saying they cant smoke and the patient becoming stressed out. The nurse said that I wasnt understanding health promotion properly. She explained that if the patient chooses to smoke whilst in hospital it is up to them, but that she was concerned with the long term effects of smoking, so the nurse was thinking about him even when he would be discharged from our ward. I understood what the nurse was doing now and saw logic behind what she was saying the patient and explaining to myself. My understanding as to why smoking effects the bodies healing ability is due to a number of reasons. Smoking destroys the cilia in the throat which helps us fght intections and rids us ot bacteria and micro-organisms (Layman 2 ). Also when eople smoke they intake carbon monoxide and other substances that obstruct and kill alveoli which passes oxygen into the blood (Norris and Siegfied 2012) and for tissue to heal it needs a good blood supply that is richly saturated with oxygen (Chambers and Leaper, 2011). We tried to explain this to the patient in a simple way so that there was not any medical Jargon. What did I do The patient seemed to be up for the idea of stopping smoking but I had feeling it was a little bit of lip service because he was being polite. We told the patient that there are numerous ways to help quit smoking. There was a smoking cessation nurse who would offer advice, tips, and plans to help to quit. We mentioned that there were numerous products help quit smoking such as chewing gum, patches, tablets and sprays. The patient asked about Electronic Cigarettes and I argued that it is a little healthier because all the toxins are not present that you would get in regular tobacco, but its not really an aid to quitting because there is still nicotine in the electric cigarettes and that is what we get addicted to. What could I of done During the time we were explaining to the patient about thinking to stop smoking here wasnt much I feel I could have done or added to what the nurse was already saying. The nurse covered most of the routes that help and support could have been provided. Action Plan If I came across this again I would hope that I know enough now to explain to a patient why they should think about not smoking whilst in recovery and also keeping it going long term so that they can benefit from it after they are discharged. I could give them some leaflets and things and getting them in contact with the smoking cessation nurse. I could empathise why they are smoking whilst they are in hospital ut maybe try and use a diversion tactic to try and get them avoiding smoking whilst they are in recovery on the ward.

James Bond 007 Agent Under Fire :: Papers

James Bond 007 Agent Under Fire James Bond, has been represented in novels and films for over four decades and several computer games have been made from the films. Electronic Arts are creating a new Bond specifically for the console market, neither based on a film or a book. Previous Bond games have been hit and miss, GoldenEye on the Nintendo 64 is considered an all-time classic whereas Tomorrow Never Dies on the PlayStation was mediocre [IMAGE] James Bond films have several key components; girls, gadgets, guns, cars, locations and action. Agent Under Fire actually covers these aspects quite well with its multiple game types. Environments are built with lots of polygons and style. Even though you find plenty of offices and hallways, few of them are boring; arched ceilings, curved walls and picturesque window views are everywhere. all rooms are adorned with appropriate ambient objects, many of which are interactive (or at least, destructible). All of the expected touches are here; bullet holes spew plaster, potted plants shatter, and the explosions are easily some of the most legitimate you've ever seen. The main problem with 007:AUF is that most of the action is good, but very little of it is great. The arsenal of weapons is huge and impressively implemented, and enemies are positioned around every corner. One of the most commendable features of the FPS levels is the enemy artificial intelligence. They attack in packs, flush you out, hide behind boxes, bark instructions at each other, or simply just run away. While it's fun to gun them down, there are no unexpected challenges. This becomes especially apparent when you try to replay levels with less aggressive techniques. Your standard-issue P2K has an optional silencer attachment, but alas, there's little opportunity for stealth. You might be able to quietly snipe a few lookouts, but sooner or later the game will force you out of the shadows. From there you're no longer a spy, you're a gunner The sound effects are actually notable for their lack of impact.

Medieval Towns and Townsmen: Impacts on Europe’s Socio-Political

Every society has been molded by historical structures in political, economic and social aspects. These structures which influenced people in their actions and interactions caused a progression that would soon yield to changes in the status quo. However while we speak of multi-level changes, much of it is triggered by power struggles and the question of who rules- such is the essence of politics. It is interesting to understand that Europe’s modern-day community has evolved from medieval town characterized by unique economic relations into states as we know them today. This paper will show even in a brief manner, the development (not necessary linear and positive) resulting as a consequence of the rise of medieval towns and townsmen in Europe. Townsmen are individuals in the former which perform duties as officers or officials in the community. Most of them are merchants manifesting the significance of economic trade and businesses that emerged during that time. First, let us discuss some of Medieval Europe’s context based from historical accounts. Medieval Europe (500-1500) has been referred to as the â€Å"Respublica Christiana†. It has been known for the merger of religious and political authorities in its general affairs. The dominant socio-political and economic structure however is named â€Å"feudalism†. This is the system of granting from the kings downward of lands and rights in exchange for military and political support (Bale, 2005). What has been developed from this system is customary loyalty to the immediate feudal superiors and obedience to the Church. Two townsmen which are worthy of mention in our proceedings are Gregorio Dati (Florence) and St. Francis (Assisi). They represent although symbolically the roles that religion and political and economic system played in much of Europe’s development. From the writings left for studies about Dati, it appears that: â€Å"Dati shows a clear example of what the new â€Å"free† merchant society was able to give to its citizenry. It is clear that there were many economic opportunities in Florence in the late 14th century, and these opportunities gave way to changes in economic and political structure which not only had a significant effect on the city’s current demographic and economic circumstances, but would eventually lead to new ways of thinking and organizing society†. (Cited in Reflecting Economic Circumstance in Florence from Pitti and Dati) Gregorio Dati was appointed Standard Bearer of Justice, the highest position in Florence. One must understand that the European Guilds consist of the highly influential persons in the community and have great importance in major dynamics at that time. Dati is a member of the said organization. The guilds and Florence’s economic system had an effect in the city’s processes. It had reliance on trade yet this helped the people develop. The merchant economy allowed new people to participate during the hard economic times. The development brought by the Guilds changed Florence into a dynamic society with residents who have turned analytical and independent. Prosperity thus was achieved but alongside this development is an opportunity to question the status quo. St. Francis being a townsman himself has performed his merchant roles as well although limited to his early years as he devoted himself to his religious calling. He has been a part of this enlargement of followers and believers of the Church which preserved order for a time. Europe’s economy and population expanded as so did towns and cities which became centers of commerce, religion and education. This provided resources for Christian Crusades and finance overseas voyages and colonial explorations. (Bale, 2005).   This colonial expedition is the root of the internationalization of capitalism. The Great Reformation and Renaissance have enabled the rise of critical thinking and revolts, as the latter produced enlightenment from arts and science, philosophy and innovations (e.g. the invention of printing press) that initially demanded a rebirth or revival of ancient learning. The Protestant Reformation and the political theology of Martin Luther King in the 16th Century enhanced the authority of the kings and the legitimacy of the kingdoms. Previously, the kings are not very much empowered but when they beat the feudal barons and challenged the Papacy, they became state defenders- such is the rise of statehood. From these presentations, we can deduce that the development in social and political orientations out of the nature of medieval towns had an important role in developing new political and economic structures; from oligarchy to statehood and; from merchant system to capitalism. While the situations changed, so did the status quo. Works Cited Bale, Tim. European Politics. New York: Palgrave, 2005. Baylis, John and Steven Smith. The Globalization of World Politics 2nd Edition. Oxford: Oxford   University Press, 2001. Brucker, Gene, ed. Two Memoirs of Renaissance Florence: The Diaries of Buonaccorso Pitti & Gregorio Dati. Ed Gene Brucker. Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1991. Holmes, Georges. â€Å"Emergence of Urban Ideology at Florence.†Ã‚   Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 23 (1973): 111-134 â€Å"St. Francis of Assisi† in   www.wikipedia.com         

Murder: Crime and East West Highway Essay

Nowadays lots of people commit crime, some of them steal, hack information other rape or kidnap but the most awful crime is to murder, society consider murdering the most aggressive act. In most countries people convicted of murder is given a long prison sentence and possibly a life time sentence and in some countries death penalty. In fact, there are many reasons that lead a person to murder which include psychological problems, mental illness, their past and passion First of all, most murders are people with psychological issues that lead them to commit such crimes. ome of them do it just for the pleasure as seeing blood and people suffering makes them happy and people like these are without emotion and sensitivity, this case is considered as a disease called psychopath these criminal are cold-blooded, have no mercy, no feelings toward their victims they are capable to kill without any regrets. One criminal said: â€Å"that if rape were legalized, he wouldn’t do it, but he declared that he would certainly do something else that was just as exciting and forbidden and he identified his self as someone that thirst for excitement and a buildup at the expense of others. No matter what the laws, mores, and customs of a particular society are, he will violate them and leave a trail of injury behind ’’. in addition ted Bundy a psychopath criminal said: â€Å"I just liked to kill, I wanted to kill. † These people make their own decision and are pretty sure about it and do it as it was the right thing to do. Furthermore John Gacy, called his victims: â€Å"worthless little queers and punks,† while the â€Å"Yorkshire Ripper† Peter Sutcliffe brashly declared that he was â€Å"cleaning up the streets† of the human trash. As if their act seems totally fair and killing these is people for the good of the society( Pincus, Jonathan H.  What makes killer kill? N. Y: Norton and company. Inc. , 2001. Web. 11 June 2013. ) In the 19th century psychopath people were considered to be moral insane and with anti social behavior, lack of conscience and emotional vacuity. Dealing with these criminal punishments rarely works with them because they are fearless of the consequences and impulsive by nature. Studies has shown that 60% of psychopathic had lost a parent, thus when he was a child he was deprived of love or nurturing, parents were divorced or absent, inconsistent discipline if the father was very strict and the mother was soft and gentle, the child earns to refuse authority and manipulate his mother. All these issues combined together can lead to psychopath people. In addition to psychopath criminals there are people with bipolar disorder. This issue was used constantly in the court to avoid capital punishment or life time sentence as the criminal claim to suffer from bipolarity and is considered as insane to avoid the consequences of his act. But lately the law refused to consider bipolar people as legally insane. People suffering with bipolarity are people that when committing crime are unconscious about their act, and are known to have 2 different personality, one that fit with the value and norms of the society and act as a normal people but when anger and depression take place, an awful and aggressive personality appear and can lead the person the commit a crime due to shifts in mood, thinking, energy and behavior. However the causes of bipolarity until now aren’t clear enough but it often runs in the family and begins with teenagers. As we notice the causes of bipolarity and psychopath are sometimes due to the child past. The childhood of a kid is very important, the environment where he was raised, how his parents raised him, if he had a proper education all these aspect forms a person personality. In addition people with mental illness such as schizophrenia are people that hear voices in their heads, and hallucination is very common in their cases, this problem can lead to lose conscious and always be afraid especially when hearing voices coming out of their body and seeing unreal objects and people, by the time these people begin to believe unrealistic ideas and lots of other issues such as lack of affect, disorder thoughts †¦living a long time with this problem can confuse these people between the reality and the illusion that they are having leading them to suicide or killing people around them . urthermore some people suffer from what is called anti social personality disorder , usually when they are young these people are considered as shy ,and avoid interaction due to an intense fear of rejection . by growing up these people begin to feel really lonely and depressed and having social anxiety disorder that can lead them to murder . As we mentioned a child past has a major role in building up a person personality, unfortunate lots of children are not given the proper education and grow with lack of social problems that lead them to murder and commit crimes later on such as child abuse and a miserable childhood. Many people were abused when they were children. In fact there are many causes that lead to child abuse such as poverty, marital discord ,domestic violence, social isolation †¦thus in some cases the parents don’t have the right education and skills needed to raise a child , providing bad parental model for future generations . n addition most violated and abused children are likely to have lack of problems such as anxiety , depression , truancy , shame and guilt and all these problems with time can lead to suicide or to a future criminal , a murder with no feelings no regret no emotions this child will engage later on in criminal activity , promiscuity and substance abuse like drugs and alcoho l. ( National Association of School Psychologists. East West Highway: n. p. , 2011. N. page. Web. 11 June 2013) Furthermore the family structure is very important. Children living only with their fathers were more likely to endure the highest incidence rates of physical abuse, emotional and educational neglect, also children that their parents were fighting all the time or separated these aspect influence a lot a young child and affect later on his social life negatively and by time the child growth hate and detest is all he know , seeing his parents fighting all the time lead him to act like that in the society fearless , with vengeance and no proper behavior , always break the rules have no manners and respect the norms and value of his society . These kids with improper education are most likely to become murderers due to their miserable background and how they were treated. According to Diana J. English: â€Å"the stress that comes with poverty may predispose the parents to use corporal punishment that may lead to physical abuse†. However in some cases the family status is pretty well organized, the child is raised in a good family and his parents want the best for him, but unfortunately the child affected by his environment, living in the suburbs with his delinquent friends that pressure on him, and force him to make foolish things, and break the rules like skipping school, steal from the shop especially that children like these are raised in a poor family and a miserable place. In case like these the parents are not to blame they were giving him the right education but it’s his own choice that he made to live this life that he fined it exciting a life where he can do whatever he wants to, break the rules, ignore restraints and begin to lie to his parents and turn again his family, disrespect the norms and value of the society, with wicked and violent teenagers. Many young boys and girls defy their parents begin to lie, and fight always with them . in cases like that the child as the criminal is a dynamic and ironic kid, seeks for the adventure, take risks and always fall in trouble, once forgiven this attitude and acts begin to happen constantly and always demand to be forgiven every time and refused to be punished or follow the rules. No matter how hard his parents try to teach him the proper life style of a teenagers screaming and fighting take place all over the house. Most parents thinks that it could be an unstable stage were the teenager begin to discover his self, goes out, interact with the outside society and begin to have some liberty and make his own choices , hoping that this stage will end and their child will get back to reality and act properly . ut with the peer pressure and the environment where this child is living doesn’t help him too much in fact it makes things worse especially when parents begins to lose hope and try to make the impossible to stop their child of breaking the rules , reduce his pocket money , take his car away †¦ but the child remain unaffected, unmoved as a result he begin to steal the car , steal money and enroll his self in criminal activities with his friends . he past of a child is very important; how the family status was ,if he received a good and proper educ ation or not , where he lived , who were his friend , what problems he had †¦everything is related . Bad parenting and awful childhood can lead to a future criminal. Not to forget traumatized children is also a main cause that can affect children negatively and lead them to involve in criminal activities. Children exposed to crisis events such as acts of violence or death of a friend or family member is an unusual situation to the kid and really affect him. Seeing the kid one of his parents dying in front of him shot by someone, car accident, and even sometime own suicide and in case of acts of violence for example a father that always beat his kids and wife would harm a lot the child personality and causes to an aggressive attitude later on. The severe shock that the child was exposed to lead to lots of crying, confusion, anger, sadness, fear †¦ in some cases those reactions are temporally but if he is left untreated these problems could affect the child negatively in the future and this anger and revenge in the child mind can involves him to murder. Moreover when people with a clean profile and background murder someone, that means crime of passion took place, this type of murder is usually unplanned, happens suddenly. It refers to a crime in which the erpetrator commits an assault or a murder, against someone because of a sudden strong impulse such as a jealous rage or heartbreak rather than as a premeditated crime. For example a man walks into his room and find on his wife and her lover having a relationship, anger and jealousy take place and then the man shoots them both. And sometimes due to ended relationship where one side is heartbroken and cannot accept the idea of his lover separated from him or with anoth er person. As a famous quote say: â€Å"too much love can hurt you â€Å"that’s the case. In addition another type of passion crime is passion of motherhood where a mother kills her husband that is willing to kill his daughter. In some countries women are useless and rejected from the society, and when a girl is born the man disappointed, hoping to have a boy so he can carry on the family business and inherit his property to him later on. The man try the kill his daughter and as a result his wife trying to stop him ended up by killing her husband this type of murder is called passion of a motherhood that is trying to protect her daughter . Furthermore lots of crime rape end up by someone killed in case the women manage to kill the person who was trying to rape her its considered as passion crime of dignity to preserve her rights she was forced to murder. In fact, Texas is known as the highest rate of crime passion, however the juries sympathize most with crimes of passion, they take into consideration that the act of murder was due to a sudden shock, rage and jealousy and if there was no intent or planning killing the victim the charges dropped to man slaughter. To sum up there are many reasons behind murdering, many crimes happen every day, but what are the causes behind these murders? Some criminals commit such crime just for the pleasure and thirst of excitement others do it unconsciously these types of people are considered people with mental illness and lots psychological problems such as psychopath, bipolarity and mental illness however in other cases such as passion the act of killing is spontaneous , unplanned due to jealousy, anger and heartbreak .

Agriculture and Barley Farming Taro Essay

Agriculture and Barley Farming Taro Essay Agriculture and Barley Farming Taro Essay People from Polynesian islands What do they have in common? Same ancestry Language Culture Resources and technology Different environmental factors? Area Geological type – stone tools Fragmentation – uneven landscape hinders agriculture Climate Water – agriculture Temperature – suitable/unsuitable for crops Isolation Prevent interaction, acquisition of technology Marine resources Why have hunter-gatherers made the transition to become farmers? (in Fertile Crescent, Middle East) Climate Return to ice-age conditions (drought for 100 years) led to animals dying off, less food for hunter-gatherers Right type of wild plants Wheat and barley, hardy and able to survive in more extreme conditions, provide good nutrition Farming more reliable Hunting is not a very reliable source of food Population High population lead to need for more food, thus farming to get more food Water Drought so lack of water source, important to stay permanently near a water source Sustainability Farming is more sustainable in the long run Technology Tools to grow, harvest and store food Different productivity of farming (type of crops) gives rise to inequality (down to geographical luck) Taro & Bananas vs Wheat & Barley Farming taro is much harder work, plant 1 by 1 Taro is low in protein compared to wheat & barley Taro cannot be stored for long time What are the benefits brought about by animal domestication? Meat, milk for human consumption, better nutrition year-round Wool, leather for protection against cold, used to construct tools Eat unwanted food (parts of crops) and fertiliser to increase agricultural production Muscle

Donald Trump Executive Orders - List and Details

Donald Trump Executive Orders - List and Details President Donald Trump signed more than half a dozen executive orders in his first 10 days in the White House including a controversial crackdown on immigration from Muslim countries that he made a central part of his 2016 campaign. Trump even used his authority to issue executive orders on his first day on office, bypassing the legislative process even though he criticized President Barack Obamas use of the power as major power grabs of authority. Trump’s first executive orders blocked some refugees from entering the United States, expedited environmental reviews of major infrastructure projects, prevented executive branch employees from lobbying within five years of leaving their job or working for foreign countries, and began the process of repealing the  Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare. Trumps most controversial executive order, by far, imposed a temporary ban on refugees and citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries - Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Somalia, Syria, Libya and Yemen -  from entering the United States. I hereby proclaim that the entry of more than 50,000 refugees in fiscal year 2017 would be detrimental to the interests of the United States, and thus suspend any such entry until such time as I determine that additional admissions would be in the national interest, Trump wrote.  That executive order, signed on Jan. 27, 2017, was met with protests around the world and legal challenges at home.   Trump also issued a number of executive actions, which are not the same as executive orders. Executive actions are any informal proposals or moves by the president, or anything the president calls on Congress or his administration to do. Executive orders  are legally binding directives from the president to federal administrative agencies. These executive orders are  published in the Federal Register, which tracks and published proposed and final regulations including proclamations by the president. List of Donald Trumps First Executive Orders Heres a list of the executive orders Trump issued soon after he took office. Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal: Trump signed this executive order on Jan. 20, 2017, within hours of moving into the White House. The executive order did not repeal Obamacare, or even ask Congress to repeal Obamas signature legislative accomplishment, even though Trump promised during the campaign that on day one of the Trump administration, we will ask Congress to immediately deliver a full repeal of Obamacare. Trumps executive order on Obamacare only instructed federal agencies to uphold the law while also  working to minimize the unwarranted economic and regulatory burdens on American citizens and companies.Expediting Environmental Reviews and Approvals For High Priority Infrastructure Projects: Trump signed this executive order on Jan. 24, 2017. The order  requires the government streamline and expedite, in a manner consistent with law, environmental reviews and approvals for all infrastructure projects, though T rump is vague on exactly how the order should be carried out. Trumps order does require the chairman of the White House Council on Environmental Quality to determine whether a project is a  high priority,  and subject to fast-tracking, in  30 days or less.   Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States: Trump signed this executive order on Jan. 25, 2017. It cuts off federal money to so-called sanctuary cities, municipalities that do not enforce immigration laws. Sanctuary jurisdictions across the United States willfully violate Federal law in an attempt to shield aliens from removal from the United States. These jurisdictions have caused immeasurable harm to the American people and to the very fabric of our Republic, Trump wrote. The order also expanded the definition of undocumented immigration the government could deport.Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements: Trump signed this executive order on Jan. 25, 2017, in a first step at fulfilling his campaign pledge to build a wall along the United States border with Mexico.  It is the policy of the executive branch to secure the southern border of the United States through the immediate construction of a physical wall on the southern border, monitored and supported by adequate personnel so as to prevent illegal immigration, drug and human trafficking, and acts of terrorism, Trump wrote. The order did not, however, spell out a mechanism to pay for the wall, although Trump said a tax on imports from Mexico os 20 percent could be among a buffet of options. Protecting the Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into the United States: Trump signed this executive order, by far his most controversial, on Jan. 27. In order to protect Americans, the United States must ensure that those admitted to this country do not bear hostile attitudes toward it and its founding principles. The United States cannot, and should not, admit those who do not support the Constitution, or those who would place violent ideologies over American law, Trump wrote. The ban on immigrants from seven countries was to last 90 days. The ban on refugees was to last for 120 days.Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Appointees: Trump signed this order on Jan. 28, 2017. The orders requires executive branch employees to sign an ethic policy that bans them from lobbying their agency for at least five years after leaving the government. It also prohibits them from working on behalf of a  foreign government or foreign political party, and  accepting gifts from registered lob byists and lobbying organizations. Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs:  Trump signed this order on Jan. 30, 2017. This order requires the federal government to eliminate two regulations  for every one new regulation issued. â€Å"If you have a regulation you want, No. 1, we’re not gonna approve it because it’s already been approved probably in 17 different forms. But if we do, the only way you have a chance is we have to knock out two regulations for every new regulation. So if there’s a new regulation, they have to knock out two,  Trump said while signing the executive order. The order states that the cost of imposing and enforcing new regulations must not add spending to the federal budget, essentially requiring the elimination of older regulations.       Trump Criticism of Executive Orders Trump made use of executive orders even though he criticized Obamas use of them. In July 2012, for example, Trump used Twitter, a favorite social media tool of his, to knock the president: â€Å"Why is BarackObama constantly issuing executive orders that are major power grabs of authority?† But Trump didn’t go so far as to say he would decline the use of executive orders for himself, saying Obama â€Å"led the way.† I wont refuse it. Im going to do a lot of things, Trump said in January 2016, adding that his executive orders would be for the â€Å"right things.† â€Å"I’m going to use them much better and they’re going to serve a much better purpose than he’s done,† he said. Trump actually promised on the campaign trail that he would use his authority to issue executive orders on some issues. In December 2015, Trump promised he would impose the death penalty on anyone convicted of killing a police officer via executive order. One of the first things I do, in terms of executive order if I win, will be to sign a strong, strong statement that will go out to the country - out to the world - that anybody killing a policeman, policewoman, a police officer - anybody killing a police officer, the death penalty. Its going to happen, OK? Trump said at the time.

Use two or three literary terms to analysis the story, which is Flight Essay

Use two or three literary terms to analysis the story, which is Flight Patterns by sherman alexie - Essay Example Despite his love for his family, William is drawn to his business. There are times that he feels like staying with his family, but the weight and attention for his business messes everything. The society he serves expects more from him; on the other hand, his family needs his presence. Sometimes his family, the wife and daughter understands his obligations to the business, but at times feel the need of him being around them. In an occasion, when he is about to leave for business, his wife urges his to stay and wraps around his legs, but when he tells her that he is not strong enough to do ‘this’, Marie, his wife replies â€Å"Willy Loman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pay attention to me† (Alexie 51). This portrays his family’s need for him and the conflict that he faces in his 21st century American life. His Family loves him, and his society has expectations for him bringing about the sense of two conflicts between man and man, man and family, and man and society. This is also an indication that William is a loving man torn between conflicts. His conversation with Fekadu induces a chain of action that makes his abandon his luggage at the airport, not worrying about the actions the airport authorities could take. When he notices how Fekadu was forced to choose between his values and family, he take the move, abandons everything, finds a phone and calls his wife just to tell her that he is there. This confirms the caring character of William. Leaving his luggage on the road was symbolic. It meant that William was abandoning the social expectations and constraints and the bags on the road meant that he had put the conflict between self and the society on the road to resolution at the cost of solving the conflict between him and his family. Choosing to abandon the social constraints and the demands of the society in order to meet the demands of his family also symbolized that

Managerial Accounting Final Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managerial Accounting Final Report - Essay Example This paper offers managerial accounting report based on an entity’s costing accounting data and recommends improvements to the firm. The scope of management accounting incorporates financial accounting concepts, cost accounting concepts, and statistical concepts to develop an understanding of a business environment towards informed managerial decisions. Cost accounting offers data on costs and facilitates analysis for cost control or cost based decisions (Bhattacharyya 2). The management approach’s ability to use existing data for forecasting and planning identifies its significance to management because it aids strategy developments for market dynamism (Mitra 1-27). Incorporation of statistical tools in the management approach also empowers it to determine informed choices for efficient operations because the techniques allows managements to compare environmental factors in a market and to identify the most suitable applications that can guarantee market control and ef ficient and effective operational processes. The report relies on these aspects to review the firm’s cost and processes (Thukaram 5). ... This paper applies a case study to demonstrate application of managerial accounting concepts in resolving problems. The report is based on SSI case study. The firm is a meat, burger, and chicken processing plant in Idaho, United States. Its executive group has learnt that their leading clients are not satisfied with the firm’s pricing and they are considering contacts with SSI’s competitors, arguing that the firm’s prices are too high. Other clients are however happy with the organization because it offers the cheapest prices in the locality. This controversy in opinion among clients identifies pricing as a problem that should be explored for possible reconciliation with the discontent clients. The problem identifies the need to explore following research questions. What are the recommended cost savings that will help SSI increase its profits? Is the organization pricing its products efficiently? Method The report is based on a case study on SSI firm that offers six distinct products to six different clients. Data was collected from published information on the organization’s accounting and managerial records regarding involved production activities and their costs. The data was then analyzed, objectively, to understand the firms costing and pricing. Results The organization produces six types of meats for retail sales. It operates two sessions per day with each session lasting for eight hours and pays direct labor costs per hour. The operations involve six different set ups per day. Each set up produces each product and clean up and adjustments for each product specification precede each set up. The following table summarizes SSI’s daily schedule for the production and set up processes in their order of production. Table 1: Daily

Business Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Negotiations - Essay Example In American English, there exists two communication maxims, all under the quantity umbrella, which requires that whenever one speaks, then the information relayed should as much information as possible, while on the other side; the information relayed should not exceed the required informative levels. The amount of information in a communication remains essential in every communication and as such, superfluous information need to be avoided during communication in ensuring that communication meets its intended purpose.Considering the fact that maxims of conversation entail the unwritten rules of governance pertaining to how people speak to each other in some polite conversations, it is, therefore, a significant aspect that a maxim of communication acts in place of a command, directing the manner in which different people engaging in conversation carries out themselves. According to the Japanese culture, the maxims of conversation in Japanese discourse involve a number of aspects. Exp ression of feelings or emotions is critical to every human. In business, either a loss or profit is expected for any transaction done. Whenever either happens, it is expected that an individual expresses the feeling through emotions. As a contributory aspect of the diverse nature of societies and cultures, verbal behavior of the American team and that of the Japanese seem to have significantly different aspects with a realization that indeed the generalizations put in such societies are indeed very wrong.

Climate Justice And Individual Responsibility Philosophy Essay

Climate Justice And Individual Responsibility Philosophy Essay In the last couple decades, ethical debates have begun to shed light on climate justice. The big questions these ongoing climate justice debates tend to ask are whether or not the disadvantages of future generations as a result of climate change finds present and past generations culpable, as a society or as an individual, and who it is that must take responsibility for the compensation and conservation that must now occur. The two fallacies that I have thus far encountered in reviewing some climate justice literature are as follows: first, that the non-identity problem is a sound argument to deny that our present inaction on global warming and climate change harms individuals in the future, and second, the view that Walter Sinnott-Armstrong holds that our individual actions in the present will have no impact on future generations, and therefore we hold no individual moral responsibility to go green, but rather our governments hold that responsibility for us (Sinnnott-Armstrong, 344) . In this paper, I attempt to resolve these two fallacies with my own argument on an individuals moral responsibility in the face of climate change, argued in part with Immanuel Kants deontology, and following some clarification on the nature of justice and ethical theories. I will come to assert that, assuming climate change is a grave issue that will harm many people in generations to come, individuals do have a moral responsibility to take action in regards to climate change in accordance with a moral duty, born of the rights of future generations. This argument is based on the assumptions that climate change is an issue that will create serious problems for future generations living in parts of the countries that are not able to properly adapt to the rising sea levels and extreme weather conditions that climate change will cause (Gardiner). It also assumes that climate change will cause harm to these future populations, as massive death and displacement will likely take place if adaptation measures are not taken. These are facts that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have studied and determined true, concluding in their research not only that the balance of evidence suggests discernible human influence on climate change, but also that the long-term impact of climate change will have predominantly, if not uniformly, adverse impacts on the health, cultural life, and economic prosperity of future human populations, (Page, 53-4). One of the biggest issues fracturing the climate justice debate is how justice can be defined in regards of the responsibility involved with climate change. Climate change is not a standard moral problem, and thus cannot be judged like one. The paradigm of a standard moral problem is where one clearly identifiable agent intentionally harms another clearly identifiable agent, close to the former in space and time (Schinkel). However, because climate change happens so gradually, and it is impossible to determine the exact impact of present acts of greenhouse gas emission on future effects of climate change, there is no clearly identifiable criminal, victim or even crime. As James Garvey puts it, theres no one standing red-faced next to a broken vase (60). This means that determining the consequences and who is responsible for them is very difficult. Our justice system is so far only compatible with identity-dependent theories of justice, theories that aim to make particular human being s, or animals, healthier or happier or rescue people from harm or disadvantage, particularly if these disadvantages arise through no fault of their own, (Page, 58). Because there is no identifiable harm to these particular human beings of generations to come, climate justice faces a problem of non-identity. The non-identity problem, explains Edward Page in his work Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change, arises from the fact that conception and genetic identity is so highly sensitive to antecedent events that after a few generations, and depending on which policy we choose, completely different sets of people will come into existence (Page, 56-7). These different sets of people will owe their entire existence to the decisions and actions of past generations, Page explains. Thus, because we assume that these particular individuals lives will still be worth living under those necessary conditions of their existence, we cannot determine how they are helped or hindered by our pres ent sacrifices (57). So, why sacrifice? In my opinion, the non-identity problem is a convenient excuse to attribute no crime, and therefore no responsibility, to present generations. It takes advantage of the insufficient data available to decipher exactly how much harm wasteful greenhouse gas emissions in the present will cause to individuals in the future. Although the amount of harm is indefinite, panels like the IPCC have concluded that certain communities of future generations will be significantly disadvantaged and deprived if nothing is done about climate change (Page, 53-4). Edward Page offers a revised theory of identity-dependence in light of this that he claims will solve the non-identity problem (63). The group-centred theory of climate justice states that the communities which future people will belong to are deserving of concern and respect in their own right; and if present actions have the result either that these communities die out altogether, or are damaged in the sense that various communal practices ar e undermined, they are morally objectionable (64). While this theory is a step towards moral progress on the climate justice issue, intuitively it does not feel sufficient enough. When it comes to intergenerational justice, what is the tipping point? How many people must be affected for a particular community to be deserving of concern and respect in their own right (64)? In light of this, I feel that this theory will still not do. Future populations will be affected, and thus future communities will be affected and future individuals will be affected; in my opinion, there should be no grand distinction between groups and individuals when it comes to harm and disadvantage. While Pages group-centred theory at least helps identify victims in the intergenerational injury, it still only recognizes our duty to future communities of people. While this may be sufficient enough to promote conservation methods, I still believe his theory does not go far enough in recognizing future individuals as victims to climate change. If the group-centred theory solves the non-identity problem by imagining victimized groups of people, why cannot the fact that there are individuals within that community that will be personally harmed by climate change negate the non-identity problem as well; individuals whose homes will be submerged or destroyed by hurricane or tsunami, causing them to be displaced or killed. Most would agree that a communitys risks of losing its culture or language are not as grave as an individuals risks of losing his home or life. Naturally, there is more utility in a community than in a mere individual, however I fail to see the difference in moral wort h between a community and an individual. To us in the present generation, both entities are moral patients, with rights and duties owed to them. Moral patient is a deontological term to describe a non-rational being with rights, such as an animal, a child or a person with a mental disorder (Gheaus). Because they are non-rational, they do not have moral duties, only duties owed to them by moral agents, rational beings who are capable of moral understanding (Gheaus). Those individuals that will be harmed by climate change in the future are currently very young or unborn, and therefore not yet rational. We have a duty to them to uphold their rights, and they have the right to the same conditions of life as their forefathers. However, while we can acknowledge that we have a duty to future generations, it is not as clear to us which actions are according to that duty. As in most moral problems, it is helpful to consider tried and true moral principles to determine how we ought to act. While I dont see universal merit in absolute Kantianism, I feel that Kants deontology is the right principle to consider for climate justice because it focuses not on consequences (which as I have explained is and has been unclear to present and past generations) but on duty according to the categorical imperative (Gheaus). The categorical imperative has two formulations: the first, to act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law, and the second, act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only (Gheaus) Sinnott-Armstrong denies that Kants theory imposes a moral obligation to prevent wasteful greenhouse gas emissions, claiming that when he goes for a joyride in a gas-guzzler on a Sunday afternoon, his maxim is to have harmless fun , and that does not make for a problematic universal law (338). However, Sinnott-Armstrong explains in detail earlier in the article that this gas-guzzling GHG-emitting joyride has no practical, emotional or clinical benefit for him (334). Therefore there would be little sacrifice involved in refraining from driving the gas-guzzler. Hypothetically if Sinnott-Armstrongs maxim were adopted as a universal maxim, and if millions of others worldwide began driving gas-guzzling cars on a weekly basis, or began doing other acts of wasteful greenhouse gas emission because they also considered it non-profitable harmless fun, then that fun would not longer be so harmless. All of those wasteful emissions would go into the atmosphere and contribute to the Greenhouse effect, eventually leading to climate change and indefinite harm on future generations. However, Sinnott-Armstrongs argument does shed light on the fact that using Kants deontological argument to defend climate justice is overly dema nding of supererogatory duty. Who should say that we in present generations should never have harmless fun when it emits wasteful greenhouse gas emissions? After all, our environment needs some greenhouse gas emissions to operate (Garvey, 9). This is where it is important to distinguish between the two types of duty in deontology. Perfect duty is to always act according to the two formulations of the categorical imperative, with absolutely no exceptions (Gheaus). A perfect duty is thou shalt not kill, for example. An imperfect duty on the other hand is to act such that we make other peoples ends our own (Gheaus). Imperfect duties are a little less clear, as the agent must choose when and towards what cause to perform these duties, since it is impossible to perform them all the time to everybody (Gheaus). Preventing wasteful greenhouse gas emissions is an imperfect duty; we are not required to perform it all the time and at every opportunity. If we did, that would likely decrease our own benefits such as money, time and convenience in the process to ultimately ensure that the same benefits of future generations are not decreased. This does not make sense to do. This leads me to the second formulation of the categorical imperative, to not treat any person as a mere means but also as an end. Sinnott-Armstrong rejects this formulation as well, claiming that for me to treat someone as a means implies my using harm to that person as part of my plan to achieve my goals. Driving for fun does not do that, (338). However Sinnott-Armstrongs argument is too narrow in its scope. Driving a gas-guzzling car is using the earths unlimited resources for ones own pleasure, and is thus using the earth as a means to ones purposeless ends. Of course, human beings are permitted to use the earth as a means to their ends and always have, but that is not to say we should treat the earth as a mere means and not an end at the same time. Even in an anthropocentric theory of intrinsic value, that attributes value to the earth only by virtue of its value to human beings, the earths ends are our ends (Page, 59). When the earths resources are exhausted or destroyed by cli mate change, humanity will be inevitably extinguished. Therefore we have a duty, though imperfect, to future states of humanity (as we in the present will not likely still be alive at the end of the world) to treat the earths ends as our own where it is not too overly demanding or costly. Sinnott-Armstrong argues that individuals do not have a moral obligation to conserve energy but only to elect a government that will adopt conservation policies (344). Finding and implementing a real solution is the task of governments, he argues (344). However, as a matter of the universalizability principle, this is not sufficient enough. Individuals have a moral responsibility to conserve energy where they can and when they can; I agree that electing candidates with conservation platforms is a proactive way to do something about climate change, but I also think the responsibility should be reflected in peoples lifestyle. Recycling, switching to energy-efficient appliances and lightbulbs and walking or biking instead of driving are all simple ways to modify ones lifestyle to conserve energy and uphold the duty to future generations. Action starts with the individual. While the theories of Page and Sinnott-Armstrong shed light on the issues surrounding climate justice, I feel that they do not go far enough in attributing moral responsibility to individuals to conserve. Looking to Kants deontology allows us to see that we do have a duty to future moral patients, and a responsibility to make the earths ends our own ends as well. I only hope that, for the future of our planet and generations to come, all these words exchanged over climate justice are followed by individual action.